1. Describe or define virtual office
Answer:
A virtual office or V.O. is typically a managed telephone answering or email response service that receives and routes telephone or email messages on behalf of a small business and may provide some initial scripted response to a query. The business that uses this service typically does not have fixed office premises or employ regular reception or customer contact staff - and so the V.O. provides a means of receiving and passing on calls and messages when not available to deal with a customer inquiry. The prime objective of the V.O. is to assure that customer contact is captured and able to be followed up by whomever the call is relevant or important to.
2. Distinguish virtual office from MIS.
Answer:
Imagine you decide to open a business offline, for example a store selling tools. You will have to find a location, commit to tens of thousands of dollars in rent and, most importantly, actually go to work everyday. After all, who else is going to open the front door each morning? On top of this, your pool of customers is limited to those willing to drive to your location. All of these limitations and aggravations associated with a physical store go by the wayside when you go online.
Having worked online for a very long time, I can tell you the virtual office advantage is by far the best aspect of the Internet. Here is the proof. As I am writing this article, it is 1:13 p.m. I am at home. I am wearing sweats. After being up all night on a project, I am thinking about going back to bed. This is all possible because I have a virtual office. In fact, our business is so virtual oriented that I have never physically met some of my programmers who live in other countries!
MIS improves the quality of plants by providing relevant information for sound decision - making . Due to increase in the size and complexity of organizations, managers have lost personal contact with the scene of operations.MIS change the larger amount of data in to summarized form and there by avoids the confusion which may arise when managers are flooded with detailed facts. Decentralization of authority is possibly when there is a system for monitoring operations at lower levels. MIS is successfully used for measuring performance and making necessary change in the organizational plans and procedures.
Reference:
http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Advantages_of_mis
3. Illustrate (give examples) how vertual office can improve company's competitive advantage and organizational performance.
Answer:
n some cases the V.O. service may contact the customer as well as receive queries from them (refer "telesales" and "telemarketing").
Virtual office services for small businesses are often provided by a business center, in other words, a building offering furnished offices with several services such as receptionist services, phone services, fax services, web hosting service, and so forth.
Certain providers of virtual office services will provide other in-house or outsourced services such as corporate secretarial services, accounting services, or legal services. Professional firms such as law firms and accounting firms often provide registered address services as part of their service offerings.
Virtual office companies that focus more on the "executive suite" side of the spectrum are located in major cities due to the high popularity of prestigious-looking business addressed. However, there are growing numbers of providers in industrial parks & science parks around the world, that often attract technology or manufacturing-based companies.Virtual office is also a common term for an environment that enables a network of co-workers to run a business efficiently by using nothing other than online communication technologies.
In the TIC sector, a virtual office is a category of groupware gathering organization, communication and collaboration data centralized on a server. The user accesses data from any devices (PC, laptop, PDA, smartphone, etc..) equipped with a Web and a connection to Internet.
Reference:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_office
DIPAY, IVY MAE J.
Wednesday, May 20, 2009
Tuesday, May 19, 2009
Final Question # 4
1. Describe or define DSS.
Answer:
Decision Support Systems (DSS) are a specific class of computerized information systems that supports business and organizational decision-making activities. A properly-designed DSS is an interactive software-based system intended to help decision makers compile useful information from raw data, documents, personal knowledge, and/or business models to identify and solve problems and make decisions.
Typical information that a decision support application might gather and present would be:
* an inventory of all of your current information assets (including legacy and
relational data sources, cubes, data warehouses, and data marts)
* comparative sales figures between one week and the next
* projected revenue figures based on new product sales assumptions;
* the consequences of different decision alternatives, given past experience in
a context that is described.
Reference:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_support_system
2. Distinguish DSS from MIS.
Answer:
The terms MIS and DSS stand for Management Information Systems and Decision Support Systems respectively. There has been a lot of talk regarding these two, whether they are actually the same thing or if there are any significant differences between the two.
MIS is basically a kind of link to facilitate communcation between managers across different areas in a business organization. MIS plays a pivotal role in enabling communications across the floor of an organization, between various entities therein.
DSS, many consider, is an advancement from the original MIS. However,this is not the sole difference between the two. While there may not be too much separating the two, the difference is still there,as is apparent when we say DSS is an advancement over MIS.
The essential difference between the two is in focus. DSS, as the term indicates, is about leadership and senior management in an organization providing good, reliable judgment as well as vision. MIS, on the other hand, is about focusing on the actual flow of information itself.
Reference:
http://www.blurtit.com/q255508.html
3. Illustrate (give examples) how DSS can improve company's competitive advantage and organizational performance.
Answer:
There are some advantages of DSS
1. Improves personal efficiency
2. Expedites problem solving
3. Facilitates interpersonal communication
4. Promotes learning or training
5. Increases organizational control
6. Generates new evidence in support of a decision
7. Creates a competitive advantage over competition
8. Encourages exploration and discovery on the part of the decision maker
9. Reveals new approaches to thinking about the problem space
Reference:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_support_system
Answer:
Decision Support Systems (DSS) are a specific class of computerized information systems that supports business and organizational decision-making activities. A properly-designed DSS is an interactive software-based system intended to help decision makers compile useful information from raw data, documents, personal knowledge, and/or business models to identify and solve problems and make decisions.
Typical information that a decision support application might gather and present would be:
* an inventory of all of your current information assets (including legacy and
relational data sources, cubes, data warehouses, and data marts)
* comparative sales figures between one week and the next
* projected revenue figures based on new product sales assumptions;
* the consequences of different decision alternatives, given past experience in
a context that is described.
Reference:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_support_system
2. Distinguish DSS from MIS.
Answer:
The terms MIS and DSS stand for Management Information Systems and Decision Support Systems respectively. There has been a lot of talk regarding these two, whether they are actually the same thing or if there are any significant differences between the two.
MIS is basically a kind of link to facilitate communcation between managers across different areas in a business organization. MIS plays a pivotal role in enabling communications across the floor of an organization, between various entities therein.
DSS, many consider, is an advancement from the original MIS. However,this is not the sole difference between the two. While there may not be too much separating the two, the difference is still there,as is apparent when we say DSS is an advancement over MIS.
The essential difference between the two is in focus. DSS, as the term indicates, is about leadership and senior management in an organization providing good, reliable judgment as well as vision. MIS, on the other hand, is about focusing on the actual flow of information itself.
Reference:
http://www.blurtit.com/q255508.html
3. Illustrate (give examples) how DSS can improve company's competitive advantage and organizational performance.
Answer:
There are some advantages of DSS
1. Improves personal efficiency
2. Expedites problem solving
3. Facilitates interpersonal communication
4. Promotes learning or training
5. Increases organizational control
6. Generates new evidence in support of a decision
7. Creates a competitive advantage over competition
8. Encourages exploration and discovery on the part of the decision maker
9. Reveals new approaches to thinking about the problem space
Reference:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_support_system
Final Question # 3
Identify and describe one company that adopts an MIS. Include in your discussion, how MIS helps and supports the company, its managers and other employees, in their problem solving and decision-making.
Answer:
Ramon MAgsaysay Memorial Colleges (RMMC), Management Information System help the institution by having a collection, storage, retrieval, communication and use of data for the purpose of efficient management of operations and for business planning.BY having MIS in the institution it helps by means of communication for them to be accomplish the job.
Management Information Systems (MIS) can be used successfully to facilitate access to a wide range of integrated data sets. They are consistent, modular and flexible tools for the systematic acquisition, analysis and archiving of data and information from a variety of sources.MIS can become even more powerful tools for planning and decision-making for them to be able to progress.
Answer:
Ramon MAgsaysay Memorial Colleges (RMMC), Management Information System help the institution by having a collection, storage, retrieval, communication and use of data for the purpose of efficient management of operations and for business planning.BY having MIS in the institution it helps by means of communication for them to be accomplish the job.
Management Information Systems (MIS) can be used successfully to facilitate access to a wide range of integrated data sets. They are consistent, modular and flexible tools for the systematic acquisition, analysis and archiving of data and information from a variety of sources.MIS can become even more powerful tools for planning and decision-making for them to be able to progress.
Wednesday, May 13, 2009
Final Question # 2
1.0.a Research one international company from the Internet and describe their MIS strategic plan in 1-2 paragraphs.
Answer:
Coca-cola Corporation
1.0.b Discuss too the impact of this strategic plan on the company's management,
competitors, customers and the company as a whole.
Answer:
MIS are interactive human/machine systems that support decision making for users both in and out of traditional organizational boundaries. These systems are used to support an organization's daily operational activities; current and future tactical decisions; and overall strategic direction. MISs are made up of several major applications including, but not limited to, the financial and human resources systems.
Financial applications make up the heart of an AIS in practice. Modules commonly implemented include: general ledger, payables, procurement/purchasing, receivables, billing, inventory, assets, projects, and budgeting.
Human resource applications make up another major part of modern information systems. Modules commonly integrated with the AIS include: human resources, benefits administration, pension administration, payroll, and time and labor reporting.
It Facilitates planning : MIS improves the quality of plants by providing relevant information for sound decision - making . Due to increase in the size and complexity of organizations, managers have lost personal contact with the scene of operations.
In Minimizes information overload : MIS change the larger amount of data in to summarized form and there by avoids the confusion which may arise when managers are flooded with detailed facts.
MIS Encourages Decentralization : Decentralization of authority is possibly when there is a system for monitoring operations at lower levels. MIS is successfully used for measuring performance and making necessary change in the organizational plans and procedures.
It brings Co ordination : MIS facilities integration of specialized activities by keeping each department aware of the problem and requirements of other departments. It connects all decision centers in the organization .
It makes control easier : MIS serves as a link between managerial planning and control. It improves the ability of management to evaluate and improve performance . The used computers has increased the data processing and storage capabilities and reduced the cost .
MIS assembles, process , stores , Retrieves , evaluates and Disseminates the information.
reference:
http://www.management-hub.com/information-management-advantages.html
2.0.a Evaluate how can this strategic plan be applied to any local company in the Philippines.
Answer:
Management information system is important tools to supports, analyse, delivery and adding reliability to any organization. Also this helps to solve businesses problems. The term MIS is often used to submit to a group of information management methods tied to the support of human decision making, e.g. Decision Support Systems, Expert systems, and Executive information systems.
Reference:
http://www.ask.com/bar?q=What+Is+the+Role+of+MIS&page=1&qsrc=6&ab=0&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwiki.answers.com%2FQ%2FWhat_is_the_role_of_management_information_system_in_an_organisation
2.0.b Discuss too the possible effect on the company.
Answer:
MIS - capabilities
The term 'information system' is a general term for a system that facilitates access to information; however, a ' management information system' refers to integrated data sources and information systems, which meet the particular needs and requirements of planning and decision-making. In an ideal case, the major objectives of MIS are to:
1. reach an understanding of the relevant processes on the basis of the available historic information. This element forms the basis for the development of models, required for forecasting and simulation.
2. provide information on the current situation, especially for early warning purposes, for instance related to issues impacting on food security, water resources or pest and disease status.
3. forecast changes and impacts, either natural or man-made , as an element in vulnerability assessments.
4. forecast the consequences of policy decisions and measures before they are implemented in reality. This implies evaluating options for several given scenarios based on the possible results and predicted consequences, and selecting the most acceptable alternative.
Reference:
http://www.ask.com/bar?q=Objectives+of+MIS&page=1&qsrc=6&ab=2&u=http%3A%2F%2Fknowledge.cta.int%2Fen%2FDossiers%2FS-T-Issues-in-Perspective%2FMIS-for-environmental-monitoring%2FArticles%2FManagement-Information-Systems
3.0.a What is an Accounting Information System?
Answer:
An accounting information system (AIS) is the system of records a business keeps to maintain its accounting system. This includes the purchase, sales, and other financial processes of the business. The purpose of an AIS is to accumulate data and provide decision makers (investors, creditors, and managers) with information.
While this was previously a paper-based process, most businesses now use accounting software. In an electronic financial accounting system, the steps in the accounting cycle are dependent upon the system itself. For example, some systems allow direct journal posting to the various ledgers and others do not.
Accounting Information Systems (AISs) combine the study and practice of accounting with the design, implementation, and monitoring of information systems. Such systems use modern information technology resources together with traditional accounting controls and methods to provide users the financial information necessary to manage their organizations.
Reference:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accounting_information_system
3.0.b Identify or list down different accounting information systems used.
Answer:
Financial reporting starts at the operational levels of the organization, where the transaction processing systems capture important business events such as normal production, purchasing, and selling activities. These events (transactions) are classified and summarized for internal decision making and for external financial reporting.
Cost accounting systems are used in manufacturing and service environments. These allow organizations to track the costs associated with the production of goods and/or performance of services. In addition, the AIS can provide advanced analyses for improved resource allocation and performance tracking.
Management accounting systems are used to allow organizational planning, monitoring, and control for a variety of activities. This allows managerial-level employees to have access to advanced reporting and statistical analysis. The systems can be used to gather information, to develop various scenarios, and to choose an optimal answer among alternative scenarios.
Reference:
http://www.ask.com/bar?q=accounting+information+system&page=1&qsrc=2417&ab=4&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.answers.com%2Ftopic%2Faccounting-information-system
3.0.c What are the benefits by the management, users and customers derived from these AIS?
Answer:
Accounting information systems are useful for companies and businesses wanting to make the accounting process easier by utilizing a computer program or other system that will perform payroll and other functions. These systems, commonly including accounting software, make it easier to compile financial data for use in taxes, payroll, and other bookkeeping requirements. Recording is the first step in these systems that are used by companies including pertinent data such as expenses and profits that are very important to keep on file. After the recording phase, the information will be processed for use. When processed, it is filed in the areas where it is most important. These systems have various groupings or categories to maintain files until they need to be used in the future for whatever reasons. The final step that is part of most software programs is the communication phase. This is the process of actually utilizing the records that have been recorded and processed. Common communications of this data will be used for payroll and tax purposes.
The use of information systems is very important in recording vital financial data that will be used in the future. Major corporations, especially in the retail industry, will keep such data as sales, profits, expenses, and many other items for future use in financial reports. Recording will be done often on a daily basis, if not on a minute-by-minute basis with more complex and detailed accounting software. This is very important also because it will not only be used for daily practices, but will be necessary for tax purposes for the remainder of the year. Also, much of this data has to be kept on file for a number of years, in the event of an audit or other financial issues that may arise. Legal issues can cause severe problems and even end in the destruction of a company. By using computerized accounting information systems to organize and retain this data, companies have a much better chance to survive and succeed.
After the process of recording information with software, the next step that is taken is processing. With most accounting software or programs, there are different files and categories where records can be stored. This filing or storage can be done manually by the individual or group of people who works with the accounting information systems. Programs can also be set to do this automatically as information is entered into the system. Certain criteria can be set up in the program to allow the program to place files and data in the places or areas where it is supposed to go. There will usually be different categories for different data and some of the categories may include accounts payable, accounts receivable, payroll, purchasing, and other information that needs to be recorded and retained.
The final step is the process of communicating the data in the area in which it should be communicated. First, and most importantly, tax records that are recorded and processed can be communicated at the time that filing taxes is done. Some major corporations that are broken down into quarters may utilize this data on a quarterly basis. Other companies, especially smaller businesses, may only be concerned with this information on an annual basis. For large corporations, like major retailers, there are often several smaller stores or branches of the company that must share information through accounting software or systems. This information can help the company forecast sales, profits, loss, and a variety of other things. Many corporations share this information on a daily, weekly, or quarterly basis. The process of communication is probably the most important stage of accounting information systems because this is the point where results are known and records will be put to use.
The use of these systems is a very big part of businesses and corporations. Using resources available through accounting information systems allows major corporations and small businesses to record transactions and other financial information for use in the future. These tools can make the process much smoother, save money for the business, and save a great deal of time. With accounting software, computerized documents will make it easy to file and send documents to the IRS or other interested individuals. Money will be saved by not having to utilize the services of an accountant or CPA. This will also save time because expenses, payroll, and other financial matters can be completed by the owner at the business, with no need to take paperwork or other materials to an accountant for tax and payroll purposes. Taking advantage of this type of system can provide many great benefits to a large or small business. Accounting is a very important part of running and maintaining a business and the success of a company will often heavily rely on the practices and procedures that are used in the bookkeeping efforts of the company.
Reference:
http://www.ask.com/bar?q=+benefits+of+accounting+information+system+to+the+company&page=1&qsrc=2417&ab=1&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.christianet.com%2Faccounting%2Faccountinginformationsystems.htm
3.0.d Cite any threat or misuse of these AIS by a specific company. How were the threats addressed? What were the damages?
Answer:
Threats to Accounting Information Systems
Threats to accounting information systems come from a variety of sources. If ignored, they can destroy the relevance and reliability of financial information, leading to poor decisions by various stakeholders. (For specific examples, the Sidebar lists the top 10 concerns identified by a 2006 AICPA survey.)
At the point of data collection, it is important to establish security controls that ensure that transaction or event data are valid, complete, and free from material errors. Masquerading (pretending to be an authorized user) and piggybacking (tapping into telecommunications lines) are examples of hacker activities that can seriously impact valid data collection.
Threats to accounting information systems can also occur during the data processing phase. Creating illegal programs, accessing or deleting files, destroying or corrupting a program’s logic through viruses, or altering a program’s logic to cause the application to process data incorrectly all represent threats. Threats to database management might include unauthorized access that allows altering, deleting, corrupting, destroying, or stealing data. The failure to maintain backup files or other retrieval techniques represents a potentially devastating loss of data. Threats to the information generation and reporting phase must also be considered. For example, the theft, misdirection, or misuse of computer output could damage the competitiveness or reputation of the organization.
Advances in information technology and increased use of the Internet require that management, accountants, auditors, and academicians become more knowledgeable and conversant in the design, operation, and control of accounting information systems.
Implications for Management
With the expansion of computer technology, traditional business processes have been restructured and unique internal control techniques are required to address exposure to many new dangers. The responsibility for establishing and maintaining a system of effective internal controls resides with management. Management’s responsibilities include the documentation, testing, and assessment of internal controls, including relevant general IT controls (e.g., program development, program changes, computer operations, and access to programs and data) and appropriate application-level controls designed to ensure that financial information generated from an organization’s information system can be reasonably relied upon
Reference:
http://www.ask.com/bar?q=what+are+the+possible+threats+of++Accounting+Information+System&page=1&qsrc=2417&ab=1&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nysscpa.org%2Fcpajournal%2F2007%2F507%2Fessentials%2Fp34.htm
DIPAY, IVY MAE J.
Answer:
Coca-cola Corporation
1.0.b Discuss too the impact of this strategic plan on the company's management,
competitors, customers and the company as a whole.
Answer:
MIS are interactive human/machine systems that support decision making for users both in and out of traditional organizational boundaries. These systems are used to support an organization's daily operational activities; current and future tactical decisions; and overall strategic direction. MISs are made up of several major applications including, but not limited to, the financial and human resources systems.
Financial applications make up the heart of an AIS in practice. Modules commonly implemented include: general ledger, payables, procurement/purchasing, receivables, billing, inventory, assets, projects, and budgeting.
Human resource applications make up another major part of modern information systems. Modules commonly integrated with the AIS include: human resources, benefits administration, pension administration, payroll, and time and labor reporting.
It Facilitates planning : MIS improves the quality of plants by providing relevant information for sound decision - making . Due to increase in the size and complexity of organizations, managers have lost personal contact with the scene of operations.
In Minimizes information overload : MIS change the larger amount of data in to summarized form and there by avoids the confusion which may arise when managers are flooded with detailed facts.
MIS Encourages Decentralization : Decentralization of authority is possibly when there is a system for monitoring operations at lower levels. MIS is successfully used for measuring performance and making necessary change in the organizational plans and procedures.
It brings Co ordination : MIS facilities integration of specialized activities by keeping each department aware of the problem and requirements of other departments. It connects all decision centers in the organization .
It makes control easier : MIS serves as a link between managerial planning and control. It improves the ability of management to evaluate and improve performance . The used computers has increased the data processing and storage capabilities and reduced the cost .
MIS assembles, process , stores , Retrieves , evaluates and Disseminates the information.
reference:
http://www.management-hub.com/information-management-advantages.html
2.0.a Evaluate how can this strategic plan be applied to any local company in the Philippines.
Answer:
Management information system is important tools to supports, analyse, delivery and adding reliability to any organization. Also this helps to solve businesses problems. The term MIS is often used to submit to a group of information management methods tied to the support of human decision making, e.g. Decision Support Systems, Expert systems, and Executive information systems.
Reference:
http://www.ask.com/bar?q=What+Is+the+Role+of+MIS&page=1&qsrc=6&ab=0&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwiki.answers.com%2FQ%2FWhat_is_the_role_of_management_information_system_in_an_organisation
2.0.b Discuss too the possible effect on the company.
Answer:
MIS - capabilities
The term 'information system' is a general term for a system that facilitates access to information; however, a ' management information system' refers to integrated data sources and information systems, which meet the particular needs and requirements of planning and decision-making. In an ideal case, the major objectives of MIS are to:
1. reach an understanding of the relevant processes on the basis of the available historic information. This element forms the basis for the development of models, required for forecasting and simulation.
2. provide information on the current situation, especially for early warning purposes, for instance related to issues impacting on food security, water resources or pest and disease status.
3. forecast changes and impacts, either natural or man-made , as an element in vulnerability assessments.
4. forecast the consequences of policy decisions and measures before they are implemented in reality. This implies evaluating options for several given scenarios based on the possible results and predicted consequences, and selecting the most acceptable alternative.
Reference:
http://www.ask.com/bar?q=Objectives+of+MIS&page=1&qsrc=6&ab=2&u=http%3A%2F%2Fknowledge.cta.int%2Fen%2FDossiers%2FS-T-Issues-in-Perspective%2FMIS-for-environmental-monitoring%2FArticles%2FManagement-Information-Systems
3.0.a What is an Accounting Information System?
Answer:
An accounting information system (AIS) is the system of records a business keeps to maintain its accounting system. This includes the purchase, sales, and other financial processes of the business. The purpose of an AIS is to accumulate data and provide decision makers (investors, creditors, and managers) with information.
While this was previously a paper-based process, most businesses now use accounting software. In an electronic financial accounting system, the steps in the accounting cycle are dependent upon the system itself. For example, some systems allow direct journal posting to the various ledgers and others do not.
Accounting Information Systems (AISs) combine the study and practice of accounting with the design, implementation, and monitoring of information systems. Such systems use modern information technology resources together with traditional accounting controls and methods to provide users the financial information necessary to manage their organizations.
Reference:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accounting_information_system
3.0.b Identify or list down different accounting information systems used.
Answer:
Financial reporting starts at the operational levels of the organization, where the transaction processing systems capture important business events such as normal production, purchasing, and selling activities. These events (transactions) are classified and summarized for internal decision making and for external financial reporting.
Cost accounting systems are used in manufacturing and service environments. These allow organizations to track the costs associated with the production of goods and/or performance of services. In addition, the AIS can provide advanced analyses for improved resource allocation and performance tracking.
Management accounting systems are used to allow organizational planning, monitoring, and control for a variety of activities. This allows managerial-level employees to have access to advanced reporting and statistical analysis. The systems can be used to gather information, to develop various scenarios, and to choose an optimal answer among alternative scenarios.
Reference:
http://www.ask.com/bar?q=accounting+information+system&page=1&qsrc=2417&ab=4&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.answers.com%2Ftopic%2Faccounting-information-system
3.0.c What are the benefits by the management, users and customers derived from these AIS?
Answer:
Accounting information systems are useful for companies and businesses wanting to make the accounting process easier by utilizing a computer program or other system that will perform payroll and other functions. These systems, commonly including accounting software, make it easier to compile financial data for use in taxes, payroll, and other bookkeeping requirements. Recording is the first step in these systems that are used by companies including pertinent data such as expenses and profits that are very important to keep on file. After the recording phase, the information will be processed for use. When processed, it is filed in the areas where it is most important. These systems have various groupings or categories to maintain files until they need to be used in the future for whatever reasons. The final step that is part of most software programs is the communication phase. This is the process of actually utilizing the records that have been recorded and processed. Common communications of this data will be used for payroll and tax purposes.
The use of information systems is very important in recording vital financial data that will be used in the future. Major corporations, especially in the retail industry, will keep such data as sales, profits, expenses, and many other items for future use in financial reports. Recording will be done often on a daily basis, if not on a minute-by-minute basis with more complex and detailed accounting software. This is very important also because it will not only be used for daily practices, but will be necessary for tax purposes for the remainder of the year. Also, much of this data has to be kept on file for a number of years, in the event of an audit or other financial issues that may arise. Legal issues can cause severe problems and even end in the destruction of a company. By using computerized accounting information systems to organize and retain this data, companies have a much better chance to survive and succeed.
After the process of recording information with software, the next step that is taken is processing. With most accounting software or programs, there are different files and categories where records can be stored. This filing or storage can be done manually by the individual or group of people who works with the accounting information systems. Programs can also be set to do this automatically as information is entered into the system. Certain criteria can be set up in the program to allow the program to place files and data in the places or areas where it is supposed to go. There will usually be different categories for different data and some of the categories may include accounts payable, accounts receivable, payroll, purchasing, and other information that needs to be recorded and retained.
The final step is the process of communicating the data in the area in which it should be communicated. First, and most importantly, tax records that are recorded and processed can be communicated at the time that filing taxes is done. Some major corporations that are broken down into quarters may utilize this data on a quarterly basis. Other companies, especially smaller businesses, may only be concerned with this information on an annual basis. For large corporations, like major retailers, there are often several smaller stores or branches of the company that must share information through accounting software or systems. This information can help the company forecast sales, profits, loss, and a variety of other things. Many corporations share this information on a daily, weekly, or quarterly basis. The process of communication is probably the most important stage of accounting information systems because this is the point where results are known and records will be put to use.
The use of these systems is a very big part of businesses and corporations. Using resources available through accounting information systems allows major corporations and small businesses to record transactions and other financial information for use in the future. These tools can make the process much smoother, save money for the business, and save a great deal of time. With accounting software, computerized documents will make it easy to file and send documents to the IRS or other interested individuals. Money will be saved by not having to utilize the services of an accountant or CPA. This will also save time because expenses, payroll, and other financial matters can be completed by the owner at the business, with no need to take paperwork or other materials to an accountant for tax and payroll purposes. Taking advantage of this type of system can provide many great benefits to a large or small business. Accounting is a very important part of running and maintaining a business and the success of a company will often heavily rely on the practices and procedures that are used in the bookkeeping efforts of the company.
Reference:
http://www.ask.com/bar?q=+benefits+of+accounting+information+system+to+the+company&page=1&qsrc=2417&ab=1&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.christianet.com%2Faccounting%2Faccountinginformationsystems.htm
3.0.d Cite any threat or misuse of these AIS by a specific company. How were the threats addressed? What were the damages?
Answer:
Threats to Accounting Information Systems
Threats to accounting information systems come from a variety of sources. If ignored, they can destroy the relevance and reliability of financial information, leading to poor decisions by various stakeholders. (For specific examples, the Sidebar lists the top 10 concerns identified by a 2006 AICPA survey.)
At the point of data collection, it is important to establish security controls that ensure that transaction or event data are valid, complete, and free from material errors. Masquerading (pretending to be an authorized user) and piggybacking (tapping into telecommunications lines) are examples of hacker activities that can seriously impact valid data collection.
Threats to accounting information systems can also occur during the data processing phase. Creating illegal programs, accessing or deleting files, destroying or corrupting a program’s logic through viruses, or altering a program’s logic to cause the application to process data incorrectly all represent threats. Threats to database management might include unauthorized access that allows altering, deleting, corrupting, destroying, or stealing data. The failure to maintain backup files or other retrieval techniques represents a potentially devastating loss of data. Threats to the information generation and reporting phase must also be considered. For example, the theft, misdirection, or misuse of computer output could damage the competitiveness or reputation of the organization.
Advances in information technology and increased use of the Internet require that management, accountants, auditors, and academicians become more knowledgeable and conversant in the design, operation, and control of accounting information systems.
Implications for Management
With the expansion of computer technology, traditional business processes have been restructured and unique internal control techniques are required to address exposure to many new dangers. The responsibility for establishing and maintaining a system of effective internal controls resides with management. Management’s responsibilities include the documentation, testing, and assessment of internal controls, including relevant general IT controls (e.g., program development, program changes, computer operations, and access to programs and data) and appropriate application-level controls designed to ensure that financial information generated from an organization’s information system can be reasonably relied upon
Reference:
http://www.ask.com/bar?q=what+are+the+possible+threats+of++Accounting+Information+System&page=1&qsrc=2417&ab=1&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nysscpa.org%2Fcpajournal%2F2007%2F507%2Fessentials%2Fp34.htm
DIPAY, IVY MAE J.
Tuesday, May 12, 2009
Final Question # 1
For those who are working, interview your IT in-charge and ask him/her to describe the computer database systems used in the company. Write your answer in 1-2 paragraphs. Further, ask also the benefits and/or disadvantages derived from these database systems.
The computer database system that Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Colleges one is the enrollement system.This system helps a lot to the employees as well as to the students.The enrollment system provides the reliable information regarding the subjects, students profile and many more.
the advantage of this system is it can easily be identify the information that must be needed in order to be enrolled.And those information well be viewed by the authorized person involved in the institution.
The computer database system that Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Colleges one is the enrollement system.This system helps a lot to the employees as well as to the students.The enrollment system provides the reliable information regarding the subjects, students profile and many more.
the advantage of this system is it can easily be identify the information that must be needed in order to be enrolled.And those information well be viewed by the authorized person involved in the institution.
Monday, May 11, 2009
MIdterm Quetion # 3
1. Identify the benefits and disadvantages of MNC's.
Answer:
Benefits of Multinational Corporation
1. Cost of factory lease, space and land use.
2. Skilled workers available, educated and capable, and lower paid compared with other locations.
3. Infrastructure, such as roads, transportation, and communication.
4. Supporting industries, sub-contractors, components and raw material suppliers available.
5. Productivity of workforce.
6. Security and safety.
7. Political stability and strong Law enforcements.
8. Tax incentives, rebates and stable currencies.
9. Reliable supply of raw material, available and at reasonable price.
10. Reliable Power supply, as little downtime as possible, and ideal running time
11. Little or no restrictions on foreign investments.
12. Nearer to the source of material, resources and sales outlets.
The adverse effects of MNCs
A.On the home country:
1.Loss of jobs.
2.Loss of tax revenue.
3.Flexibility of operation is reduced in a foreign political system and thus causes instability.
4.Competitive advantage of multinationals over domestic firms.
B.On the host country:
1.Remittance of dividends and profits that can result in a net outflow of capital
2.MNCs engage in anticompetitive activities such as formation of cartels and dumping..
3.MNCs offer higher wages to its employees in the host countries,which is much more than any other domestic firm.
4.Obsolete technology may be used in the host country.
2. Identify one MNC company and describe its operation.
Answer:
Corporation that has production facilities or other fixed assets in at least one foreign country and makes its major management decisions in a global context. In marketing, production, research and development, and labor relations, its decisions must be made in terms of host-country customs and traditions. In finance, many of its problems have no domestic counterpart-the payment of dividends in another currency, for example, or the need to shelter working capital from the risk of devaluation, or the choices between owning and licensing. Economic and legal questions must be dealt with in drastically different ways. In addition to foreign exchange risks and the special business risks of operating in unfamiliar environments, there is the specter of political risk-the risk that sovereign governments may interfere with operations or terminate them altogether.
A multinational corporation (MNC) or transnational corporation (TNC), also called multinational enterprise (MNE)[1], is a corporation or enterprise that manages production or delivers services in more than one country. It can also be referred to as an international corporation.
The first modern MNC is generally thought to be the Dutch East India Company, established in 1602. Very large multinationals have budgets that exceed some national GDPs. Multinational corporations can have a powerful influence in local economies as well as the world economy and play an important role in international relations and globalization.
3. Describe how the parent control/coordinates with its subsidiaries in other countries or region.
Answer:
"The whole is more than the sum of its parts." This famous Aristotle quote serves as a strategic imperative for multinational corporations (MNCs) because the corporate headquarters must ensure that its business units are collectively more successful than if they were acting individually. To create additional value through parenting advantage, a corporate headquarters must clearly define its role and strategic priorities to optimize the competitive advantage that lies within its global network of business units and people.
An MNC realizes parenting advantage by global scale and scope efficiencies, regional differences (e.g., raw material prices, customer/market requirements, labor costs, local knowledge), global risk diversification, or leveraging global learning and innovation within its international organization. If an MNC pursues all these objectives simultaneously, we talk about a transnational strategy.
Transnational strategies seldom fail for lack of ideas or strategic content but because of an unstructured or completely inflexible strategy process that doesn't:
* Consolidate strategic ideas,
* Synchronize or align strategies of different organizational units, and
* Give proper consideration to consensus and commitment among key decision makers.
Finally, strategy refinement and execution represents a balance between creativity and analysis. Analytical studies and evaluations should support the creative process. If the entire process is too unstructured, then the MNC runs the risk of missing essential considerations. But if the process is overly structured, then truly creative ideas are suppressed, thus compromising the core of successful strategies.
Today, the combination of the strategy map, balanced scorecard (BSC), and strategic action program (strap) has become a standard within the strategy process. Yet it's hard to find much information on applying these integrated concepts to the strategic alignment processes among strategic business units (SBUs), global functions or services, and regions within the MNC's often complex organizational structure. Henkel Corporation is a $13 billion German group in home care, cosmetics, and consumer/craftsman/industrial adhesives whose product portfolio includes Dial[R] soaps, Purex[R] laundry detergents, Loctite[R] super glues, Duck[R] tapes, and L.A. LOOKS hair gels. The group's adhesives division has successfully implemented and synchronized strategy maps, BSCs, and straps across the corporate level, three SBUs, supply chain, operations, R&D, international sales, and nearly 30 regions. Whereas strategy maps helped clarify, describe, and--most importantly--align strategic objectives of these different units, BSCs and straps ensured strategic control and execution. Henkel's annual employee survey clearly shows the degree of buy-in from the individual employee level. After the strategy map and BSC implementation, Henkel's adhesives division improved on the already excellent results of previous years with top marks in "organizational learning," "vision," "strategic direction and intent," and "agreement."
4. How is IT maximized or used by this MNC?
Answer:
Information TEchnology used by Multinational COrporation by easily connected to the customers and know directly their needs and wants.
5. WHat were the weaknesses/problems encountered by this MNC from its environment and global setup?
Answer:
Problems
Control is divided. The venture serves "two masters"
Welfare Effects
The new venture increases production, lowers price to consumers.
The new business is able to enter the market that neither parent could have entered singly.
Cost reductions (otherwise, no joint ventures will be formed) increased market power not necessarily good.
References:
1. http://www.ask.com/bar?q=benefits+of+multinational+corporation&page=1&qsrc=0&ab=1&u=http%3A%2F%2Fresources.alibaba.com%2Ftopic%2F39260%2FThe_Benefits_of_Multinational_Corporations.htm
2. http://www.ask.com/bar?q=Definition+of+Multinational+Corporation&page=1&qsrc=6&ab=2&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.mimi.hu%2Fbusiness%2Fmultinational_corporation.html
3.http://www.allbusiness.com/management/benchmarking-strategic-planning/852560-1.html
5. http://www.ask.com/bar?q=what+is+the+main+problems+of+multinational+corporation&page=1&qsrc=2417&ab=2&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.econ.iastate.edu%2Fclasses%2Fecon355%2Fchoi%2Fmnc.htm
DIPAY, IVY MAE J.
Answer:
Benefits of Multinational Corporation
1. Cost of factory lease, space and land use.
2. Skilled workers available, educated and capable, and lower paid compared with other locations.
3. Infrastructure, such as roads, transportation, and communication.
4. Supporting industries, sub-contractors, components and raw material suppliers available.
5. Productivity of workforce.
6. Security and safety.
7. Political stability and strong Law enforcements.
8. Tax incentives, rebates and stable currencies.
9. Reliable supply of raw material, available and at reasonable price.
10. Reliable Power supply, as little downtime as possible, and ideal running time
11. Little or no restrictions on foreign investments.
12. Nearer to the source of material, resources and sales outlets.
The adverse effects of MNCs
A.On the home country:
1.Loss of jobs.
2.Loss of tax revenue.
3.Flexibility of operation is reduced in a foreign political system and thus causes instability.
4.Competitive advantage of multinationals over domestic firms.
B.On the host country:
1.Remittance of dividends and profits that can result in a net outflow of capital
2.MNCs engage in anticompetitive activities such as formation of cartels and dumping..
3.MNCs offer higher wages to its employees in the host countries,which is much more than any other domestic firm.
4.Obsolete technology may be used in the host country.
2. Identify one MNC company and describe its operation.
Answer:
Corporation that has production facilities or other fixed assets in at least one foreign country and makes its major management decisions in a global context. In marketing, production, research and development, and labor relations, its decisions must be made in terms of host-country customs and traditions. In finance, many of its problems have no domestic counterpart-the payment of dividends in another currency, for example, or the need to shelter working capital from the risk of devaluation, or the choices between owning and licensing. Economic and legal questions must be dealt with in drastically different ways. In addition to foreign exchange risks and the special business risks of operating in unfamiliar environments, there is the specter of political risk-the risk that sovereign governments may interfere with operations or terminate them altogether.
A multinational corporation (MNC) or transnational corporation (TNC), also called multinational enterprise (MNE)[1], is a corporation or enterprise that manages production or delivers services in more than one country. It can also be referred to as an international corporation.
The first modern MNC is generally thought to be the Dutch East India Company, established in 1602. Very large multinationals have budgets that exceed some national GDPs. Multinational corporations can have a powerful influence in local economies as well as the world economy and play an important role in international relations and globalization.
3. Describe how the parent control/coordinates with its subsidiaries in other countries or region.
Answer:
"The whole is more than the sum of its parts." This famous Aristotle quote serves as a strategic imperative for multinational corporations (MNCs) because the corporate headquarters must ensure that its business units are collectively more successful than if they were acting individually. To create additional value through parenting advantage, a corporate headquarters must clearly define its role and strategic priorities to optimize the competitive advantage that lies within its global network of business units and people.
An MNC realizes parenting advantage by global scale and scope efficiencies, regional differences (e.g., raw material prices, customer/market requirements, labor costs, local knowledge), global risk diversification, or leveraging global learning and innovation within its international organization. If an MNC pursues all these objectives simultaneously, we talk about a transnational strategy.
Transnational strategies seldom fail for lack of ideas or strategic content but because of an unstructured or completely inflexible strategy process that doesn't:
* Consolidate strategic ideas,
* Synchronize or align strategies of different organizational units, and
* Give proper consideration to consensus and commitment among key decision makers.
Finally, strategy refinement and execution represents a balance between creativity and analysis. Analytical studies and evaluations should support the creative process. If the entire process is too unstructured, then the MNC runs the risk of missing essential considerations. But if the process is overly structured, then truly creative ideas are suppressed, thus compromising the core of successful strategies.
Today, the combination of the strategy map, balanced scorecard (BSC), and strategic action program (strap) has become a standard within the strategy process. Yet it's hard to find much information on applying these integrated concepts to the strategic alignment processes among strategic business units (SBUs), global functions or services, and regions within the MNC's often complex organizational structure. Henkel Corporation is a $13 billion German group in home care, cosmetics, and consumer/craftsman/industrial adhesives whose product portfolio includes Dial[R] soaps, Purex[R] laundry detergents, Loctite[R] super glues, Duck[R] tapes, and L.A. LOOKS hair gels. The group's adhesives division has successfully implemented and synchronized strategy maps, BSCs, and straps across the corporate level, three SBUs, supply chain, operations, R&D, international sales, and nearly 30 regions. Whereas strategy maps helped clarify, describe, and--most importantly--align strategic objectives of these different units, BSCs and straps ensured strategic control and execution. Henkel's annual employee survey clearly shows the degree of buy-in from the individual employee level. After the strategy map and BSC implementation, Henkel's adhesives division improved on the already excellent results of previous years with top marks in "organizational learning," "vision," "strategic direction and intent," and "agreement."
4. How is IT maximized or used by this MNC?
Answer:
Information TEchnology used by Multinational COrporation by easily connected to the customers and know directly their needs and wants.
5. WHat were the weaknesses/problems encountered by this MNC from its environment and global setup?
Answer:
Problems
Control is divided. The venture serves "two masters"
Welfare Effects
The new venture increases production, lowers price to consumers.
The new business is able to enter the market that neither parent could have entered singly.
Cost reductions (otherwise, no joint ventures will be formed) increased market power not necessarily good.
References:
1. http://www.ask.com/bar?q=benefits+of+multinational+corporation&page=1&qsrc=0&ab=1&u=http%3A%2F%2Fresources.alibaba.com%2Ftopic%2F39260%2FThe_Benefits_of_Multinational_Corporations.htm
2. http://www.ask.com/bar?q=Definition+of+Multinational+Corporation&page=1&qsrc=6&ab=2&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.mimi.hu%2Fbusiness%2Fmultinational_corporation.html
3.http://www.allbusiness.com/management/benchmarking-strategic-planning/852560-1.html
5. http://www.ask.com/bar?q=what+is+the+main+problems+of+multinational+corporation&page=1&qsrc=2417&ab=2&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.econ.iastate.edu%2Fclasses%2Fecon355%2Fchoi%2Fmnc.htm
DIPAY, IVY MAE J.
Sunday, May 10, 2009
Midterm Question # 2
1. Research a Philippine company and international company that have employed e-commerce
Answer:
Philippine Airlines
Amadeus Air China's
2. Describe how e-commerce operate in this companies
Answer:
Philippine Airlines -PAL is using the e-commerce for them to provide the services of the company, by using e-commerce the customers can easily access through internet.
Amadeus Air China's - Amadeus is the chosen technology partner for providers, sellers, and buyers of travel. The company provides distribution, IT and point-of-sale solutions to help its customers adapt, grow and succeed in the fast changing travel industry. Customer groups include travel providers (airlines, hotels, car rental companies, railway companies, ferry lines, cruise lines, insurance companies and tour operators), travel sellers (travel agencies) and travel buyers (corporations and travelers). Solutions are grouped in four solution categories - Distribution & Content, Sales & e-Commerce, Business Management and Services & Consulting.
Amadeus has central sites in Madrid (corporate headquarters & marketing), Nice (development) and Erding (Operations - data processing centre) and regional offices in Miami, Buenos Aires and Bangkok. Amadeus maintains customer operations in 76 countries covering more than 215 markets. Amadeus employs over 7,800 employees worldwide, representing 95 nationalities.
3. identify the benefits constrains derive by this companies from e-commerce
Answer:
Basic Benefits of eBusiness eCommerce
o increase sales - this is the first thing that people consider
when dealing w e-commerce
o decreasing costs
o increase profits
o understanding that profits is not the same as sales
o Expands the size of the market from regional to national or national to international
o Contract the market
o reach a narrow market
o target market segmentation allows you to focus on a more
select group of customers
o and therefore have a competitive advantages in satisfying them
Decreasing costs
o costs of creating the product
o marketing
o of promotional material
o costs of distribution
eg. Netscape allowing you to download instead of waiting to get the CD by mail
o costs of processing (orders from the customers)
repeat activities and information processing
of handling customer phone calls
of handling sales inquiries
determine product availability (inventory management)
o costs of storing information
o lowers telecommunication costs
Provide price quotes
- with a web site, you can have the prices listed, and change them
- you simply edit the web page
- in a printed catalogue you are stuck with the expense of printing a new version if you need to change many of the prices'
Constrain of E-commerce
Catalog Inflexibility
The catalog needs to regenerate every time when there are some new information or items to add in.
High Marketing / Advertising Expenses
Reduced marketing/advertising expenses, compete on equal footing with much bigger companies; easily compete on quality, price, and availability
Limited Market Place
Normally, customer will only locally and limited to certain area.
High Sale Cycle
Usually, a lot of phone calls and mailings are needed.
Higher Cost of Doing Business
Cost regarding inventory, employees, purchasing costs, and order-processing costs associated with faxing, phone calls, and data entry, and even physical stores. Subsequently, increase transaction costs.
May Require A Middlemen
Some sales or transaction may taking part indirectly or gone through third party to your customers.
Inefficient Business Administration
Store inventory levels, shipping and receiving logs, and other business administration tasks might need to be categorized and updated manually in and done only when have time. This cause the information might not the latest or updated.
Need to employ number of staff
Need staff who gives customer service and sales support
References:
2. http://www.ask.com/bar?q=international+airline+that+uses+e-commerce&page=1&qsrc=2417&ab=5&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.travelindustrywire.com%2Farticle33376.html
3.http://www.isos.com.my/ecommerce/disadvantages.htm
http://www.witiger.com/ecommerce/benefits-limitations.htm
DIPAY, IVY MAE
Answer:
Philippine Airlines
Amadeus Air China's
2. Describe how e-commerce operate in this companies
Answer:
Philippine Airlines -PAL is using the e-commerce for them to provide the services of the company, by using e-commerce the customers can easily access through internet.
Amadeus Air China's - Amadeus is the chosen technology partner for providers, sellers, and buyers of travel. The company provides distribution, IT and point-of-sale solutions to help its customers adapt, grow and succeed in the fast changing travel industry. Customer groups include travel providers (airlines, hotels, car rental companies, railway companies, ferry lines, cruise lines, insurance companies and tour operators), travel sellers (travel agencies) and travel buyers (corporations and travelers). Solutions are grouped in four solution categories - Distribution & Content, Sales & e-Commerce, Business Management and Services & Consulting.
Amadeus has central sites in Madrid (corporate headquarters & marketing), Nice (development) and Erding (Operations - data processing centre) and regional offices in Miami, Buenos Aires and Bangkok. Amadeus maintains customer operations in 76 countries covering more than 215 markets. Amadeus employs over 7,800 employees worldwide, representing 95 nationalities.
3. identify the benefits constrains derive by this companies from e-commerce
Answer:
Basic Benefits of eBusiness eCommerce
o increase sales - this is the first thing that people consider
when dealing w e-commerce
o decreasing costs
o increase profits
o understanding that profits is not the same as sales
o Expands the size of the market from regional to national or national to international
o Contract the market
o reach a narrow market
o target market segmentation allows you to focus on a more
select group of customers
o and therefore have a competitive advantages in satisfying them
Decreasing costs
o costs of creating the product
o marketing
o of promotional material
o costs of distribution
eg. Netscape allowing you to download instead of waiting to get the CD by mail
o costs of processing (orders from the customers)
repeat activities and information processing
of handling customer phone calls
of handling sales inquiries
determine product availability (inventory management)
o costs of storing information
o lowers telecommunication costs
Provide price quotes
- with a web site, you can have the prices listed, and change them
- you simply edit the web page
- in a printed catalogue you are stuck with the expense of printing a new version if you need to change many of the prices'
Constrain of E-commerce
Catalog Inflexibility
The catalog needs to regenerate every time when there are some new information or items to add in.
High Marketing / Advertising Expenses
Reduced marketing/advertising expenses, compete on equal footing with much bigger companies; easily compete on quality, price, and availability
Limited Market Place
Normally, customer will only locally and limited to certain area.
High Sale Cycle
Usually, a lot of phone calls and mailings are needed.
Higher Cost of Doing Business
Cost regarding inventory, employees, purchasing costs, and order-processing costs associated with faxing, phone calls, and data entry, and even physical stores. Subsequently, increase transaction costs.
May Require A Middlemen
Some sales or transaction may taking part indirectly or gone through third party to your customers.
Inefficient Business Administration
Store inventory levels, shipping and receiving logs, and other business administration tasks might need to be categorized and updated manually in and done only when have time. This cause the information might not the latest or updated.
Need to employ number of staff
Need staff who gives customer service and sales support
References:
2. http://www.ask.com/bar?q=international+airline+that+uses+e-commerce&page=1&qsrc=2417&ab=5&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.travelindustrywire.com%2Farticle33376.html
3.http://www.isos.com.my/ecommerce/disadvantages.htm
http://www.witiger.com/ecommerce/benefits-limitations.htm
DIPAY, IVY MAE
Wednesday, April 29, 2009
Midterm Question # 1
1. Identify the benefits and disadvantages of MNC's.
Answer:
A multinational corporation (MNC) or transnational corporation (TNC), also called multinational enterprise (MNE), is a corporation or enterprise that manages production or delivers services in more than one country. It can also be referred to as an international corporation.
The first modern MNC is generally thought to be the British East India Company, established in 1600. Very large multinationals have budgets that exceed some national GDPs. Multinational corporations can have a powerful influence in local economies as well as the world economy and play an important role in international relations and globalization.
2. Identify one MNC company and describe its operation.
Answer:
The East India Company (also the East India Trading Company, English East India Company, and then the British East India Company) was an early English joint-stock company that was formed initially for pursuing trade with the East Indies, but that ended up trading with the Indian subcontinent and China. The oldest among several similarly formed European East India Companies, the Company was granted an English Royal Charter, under the name Governor and Company of Merchants of London Trading into the East Indies, by Elizabeth I on 31 December 1600. After a rival English company challenged its monopoly in the late 17th century, the two companies were merged in 1708 to form the United Company of Merchants of England Trading to the East Indies, commonly styled the Honourable East India Company,and abbreviated, HEIC; the Company was colloquially referred to as John Company, and in India as Company Bahadur (Hindustani bahādur, "brave").
The East India Company traded mainly in cotton, silk, indigo dye, saltpetre, tea, and opium. However, it also came to rule large swathes of
3. Describe how the parent control/coordinates with its subsidiaries in other countries or region.
4. How is IT maximized or used by this MNC?
Answer:
The
Four relationships between the
In many multinational corporations (MNCs) the dissimilarity between the Information Services (IS) department and the remainder of the corporation is so distinct that the IS function is managed as a separate strategic business unit. Powerful departmental and personal computing systems, flexible languages and application packages, and the inexpensive networks have effectively eliminated the monopoly that the IS profession once had on the control and use of computerized data. The functional managers around the world have become customers with options beyond those offered by more traditionally organized IS departments. In the global environment, it is important that IS department manage the interface with domestic and foreign divisions of the MNC with the same attention that it would give an external customer (Benjamin and Levinson, 1993).
5. WHat were the weaknesses/problems encountered by this MNC from its environment and global setup?
Answer:
Specific problems encountered by multinational corporation. Topics include investment decisions, environmental scanning, planning and control, and the social responsibilities of firms in host nations. 3 credit hours.
Reference:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multinational_corporation
http://www.aetnaglobalbenefits.com/employers/multi/index.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_East_India_Company
http://www.newhaven.edu/academics/130/
DIPAY, IVY MAE J.
Wednesday, April 22, 2009
Question # 4
1. List down the ethics for computer usage.
Answer:
Answer:
Computer ethics refers to the ways in which ethical traditions and norms are tested, applied, stretched, negotiated, and broken in the realm of computer technology. As computers brought about dramatically enhanced power of communication and data manipulation, new ethical questions and controversies were forced to the forefront of contemporary ethics debates. While ethics is concerned with codes of behavior, the arena of computer technology has created many uncertainties that make the establishment of such clear codes an often daunting task.
The more dramatic abuses of computer technology, such as major Internet hackings of company Web sites and online theft of credit card numbers, achieve a high profile. While there are few uncertainties about such cases, these are only the most visible examples of far more prevalent phenomena. Most cases are more subtle, frequent, and tied to the everyday workings of ordinary, law-abiding citizens. There are few clear rules to govern ethical computer behavior, and novel situations arise with great frequency, which can prove dangerous when these fields and practices are mixed with business and sensitive information.
The sheer scope of computer usage, spanning nearly every part of daily life and work, from medical records and communications to payment schedules and national defense systems, makes the untangling of ethical considerations all the more important, as unchecked ethical violations in one area can have severe repercussions throughout a wider system. On the personal level, individuals may run into ethical difficulties in considering what other activities they are facilitating by performing their particular functions via computer. Unfortunately, the speed of computer innovation has usually far outpaced the development of ethical norms to guide the application of new technologies.
The sheer volume of data available to individuals and organizations heightens the concern over computer ethics. No firm, for instance, can forego the opportunity to take advantage of the wealth of data and data manipulation afforded by modern information technology and telecommunications. The competitive nature of the economy provides an incentive to beat competitors to certain advantageous practices so as to capitalize on those advantages. The trick, then, is for organizations to devise ethical principles that allow for the greatest level of innovation and competitive strategy while remaining within the bounds of acceptable societal ethics, thereby maintaining the stability of the system from which they hope to benefit. Likewise, businesses need to coordinate codes of ethics to avoid having their own information systems compromised and putting themselves at a disadvantage.
This policy is also known as the "Computer Usage Policy."
- The integrity of the systems must be respected. This means that users of systems will not divulge passwords, pins, private keys or similar elements to anyone else, and they will not exploit sessions left open or otherwise misappropriate or steal the "identity" of another user.
- Privacy of other users must not be intruded upon at any time.
- Users must recognize that certain data are confidential and must limit their access to such data to uses in direct performance of their duties.
- The rules and regulations governing the use of facilities and equipment must be respected. Persons responsible for computing devices connected to the network will ensure that those devices are maintained in a secure state in accord with related policy.
- No one shall obtain unauthorized access to other users' accounts and files.
- The intended use of all accounts, typically for university research, instruction and administrative purposes, must be respected.
- Users shall become familiar with and abide by the guidelines for appropriate usage for the systems and networks that they access
http://www.ask.com/bar?q=ethics+for+computer+usage.&page=1&qsrc=0&ab=0&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itc.virginia.edu%2Fpolicy%2Fethics.html
2. What common forms of ethic violations happen in the internet and in the organization?
3. How does ethics affect the decision making of mangers?
Answer:
1. Attention to business ethics has substantially improved society.
A matter of decades ago, children in our country worked 16-hour days. Workers’ limbs were torn off and disabled workers were condemned to poverty and often to starvation. Trusts controlled some markets to the extent that prices were fixed and small businesses choked out. Price fixing crippled normal market forces. Employees were terminated based on personalities. Influence was applied through intimidation and harassment. Then society reacted and demanded that businesses place high value on fairness and equal rights. Anti-trust laws were instituted. Government agencies were established. Unions were organized. Laws and regulations were established.
2. Ethics programs help maintain a moral course in turbulent times.
As noted earlier in this document, Wallace and Pekel explain that attention to business ethics is critical during times of fundamental change -- times much like those faced now by businesses, both nonprofit or for-profit. During times of change, there is often no clear moral compass to guide leaders through complex conflicts about what is right or wrong. Continuing attention to ethics in the workplace sensitizes leaders and staff to how they want to act -- consistently.
3. Ethics programs cultivate strong teamwork and productivity.
Ethics programs align employee behaviors with those top priority ethical values preferred by leaders of the organization. Usually, an organization finds surprising disparity between its preferred values and the values actually reflected by behaviors in the workplace. Ongoing attention and dialogue regarding values in the workplace builds openness, integrity and community -- critical ingredients of strong teams in the workplace. Employees feel strong alignment between their values and those of the organization. They react with strong motivation and performance.
4. Ethics programs support employee growth and meaning.
Attention to ethics in the workplace helps employees face reality, both good and bad -- in the organization and themselves. Employees feel full confidence they can admit and deal with whatever comes their way. Bennett, in his article "Unethical Behavior, Stress Appear Linked" (Wall Street Journal, April 11, 1991, p. B1), explained that a consulting company tested a range of executives and managers. Their most striking finding: the more emotionally healthy executives, as measured on a battery of tests, the more likely they were to score high on ethics tests.
5. Ethics programs are an insurance policy -- they help ensure that policies are legal.
There is an increasing number of lawsuits in regard to personnel matters and to effects of an organization’s services or products on stakeholders. As mentioned earlier in this document, ethical principles are often state-of-the-art legal matters. These principles are often applied to current, major ethical issues to become legislation. Attention to ethics ensures highly ethical policies and procedures in the workplace. It’s far better to incur the cost of mechanisms to ensure ethical practices now than to incur costs of litigation later. A major intent of well-designed personnel policies is to ensure ethical treatment of employees, e.g., in matters of hiring, evaluating, disciplining, firing, etc. Drake and Drake (California Management Review, V16, pp. 107-123) note that “an employer can be subject to suit for breach of contract for failure to comply with any promise it made, so the gap between stated corporate culture and actual practice has significant legal, as well as ethical implications.”
6. Ethics programs help avoid criminal acts “of omission” and can lower fines.
Ethics programs tend to detect ethical issues and violations early on so they can be reported or addressed. In some cases, when an organization is aware of an actual or potential violation and does not report it to the appropriate authorities, this can be considered a criminal act, e.g., in business dealings with certain government agencies, such as the Defense Department. The recent Federal Sentencing Guidelines specify major penalties for various types of major ethics violations. However, the guidelines potentially lowers fines if an organization has clearly made an effort to operate ethically.
7. Ethics programs help manage values associated with quality management, strategic planning and diversity management -- this benefit needs far more attention.
Ethics programs identify preferred values and ensuring organizational behaviors are aligned with those values. This effort includes recording the values, developing policies and procedures to align behaviors with preferred values, and then training all personnel about the policies and procedures. This overall effort is very useful for several other programs in the workplace that require behaviors to be aligned with values, including quality management, strategic planning and diversity management. Total Quality Management includes high priority on certain operating values, e.g., trust among stakeholders, performance, reliability, measurement, and feedback. Eastman and Polaroid use ethics tools in their quality programs to ensure integrity in their relationships with stakeholders. Ethics management techniques are highly useful for managing strategic values, e.g., expand marketshare, reduce costs, etc. McDonnell Douglas integrates their ethics programs into their strategic planning process. Ethics management programs are also useful in managing diversity. Diversity is much more than the color of people’s skin -- it’s acknowledging different values and perspectives. Diversity programs require recognizing and applying diverse values and perspectives -- these activities are the basis of a sound ethics management program.
8. Ethics programs promote a strong public image.
Attention to ethics is also strong public relations -- admittedly, managing ethics should not be done primarily for reasons of public relations. But, frankly, the fact that an organization regularly gives attention to its ethics can portray a strong positive to the public. People see those organizations as valuing people more than profit, as striving to operate with the utmost of integrity and honor. Aligning behavior with values is critical to effective marketing and public relations programs. Consider how Johnson and Johnson handled the Tylenol crisis versus how Exxon handled the oil spill in Alaska. Bob Dunn, President and CEO of San Francisco-based Business for Social Responsibility, puts it best: “Ethical values, consistently applied, are the cornerstones in building a commercially successful and socially responsible business.”
9. Overall benefits of ethics programs:
Donaldson and Davis, in “Business Ethics? Yes, But What Can it Do for the Bottom Line?” (Management Decision, V28, N6, 1990) explain that managing ethical values in the workplace legitimizes managerial actions, strengthens the coherence and balance of the organization’s culture, improves trust in relationships between individuals and groups, supports greater consistency in standards and qualities of products, and cultivates greater sensitivity to the impact of the enterprise’s values and messages.
10. Last - and most -- formal attention to ethics in the workplace is the right thing to do.
http://www.ask.com/bar?q=How+does+ethics+affect+the+decision+making+of+managers&page=1&qsrc=19&ab=1&u=http%3A%2F%2Fmanagementhelp.org%2Fethics%2Fethxgde.htm
4. Cite a company which experienced legal or social conflicts because of its violation of ethics. You may check as example the problem of pre-need insurance companies in the Philippines.
a. Describe briefly the nature of the problem.
b. How was this resolved?
c. Who were affected?
d. What were the damages?
2. What common forms of ethic violations happen in the internet and in the organization?
3. How does ethics affect the decision making of mangers?
Answer:
10 Benefits of Managing Ethics in the Workplace
Many people are used to reading or hearing of the moral benefits of attention to business ethics. However, there are other types of benefits, as well. The following list describes various types of benefits from managing ethics in the workplace.1. Attention to business ethics has substantially improved society.
A matter of decades ago, children in our country worked 16-hour days. Workers’ limbs were torn off and disabled workers were condemned to poverty and often to starvation. Trusts controlled some markets to the extent that prices were fixed and small businesses choked out. Price fixing crippled normal market forces. Employees were terminated based on personalities. Influence was applied through intimidation and harassment. Then society reacted and demanded that businesses place high value on fairness and equal rights. Anti-trust laws were instituted. Government agencies were established. Unions were organized. Laws and regulations were established.
2. Ethics programs help maintain a moral course in turbulent times.
As noted earlier in this document, Wallace and Pekel explain that attention to business ethics is critical during times of fundamental change -- times much like those faced now by businesses, both nonprofit or for-profit. During times of change, there is often no clear moral compass to guide leaders through complex conflicts about what is right or wrong. Continuing attention to ethics in the workplace sensitizes leaders and staff to how they want to act -- consistently.
3. Ethics programs cultivate strong teamwork and productivity.
Ethics programs align employee behaviors with those top priority ethical values preferred by leaders of the organization. Usually, an organization finds surprising disparity between its preferred values and the values actually reflected by behaviors in the workplace. Ongoing attention and dialogue regarding values in the workplace builds openness, integrity and community -- critical ingredients of strong teams in the workplace. Employees feel strong alignment between their values and those of the organization. They react with strong motivation and performance.
4. Ethics programs support employee growth and meaning.
Attention to ethics in the workplace helps employees face reality, both good and bad -- in the organization and themselves. Employees feel full confidence they can admit and deal with whatever comes their way. Bennett, in his article "Unethical Behavior, Stress Appear Linked" (Wall Street Journal, April 11, 1991, p. B1), explained that a consulting company tested a range of executives and managers. Their most striking finding: the more emotionally healthy executives, as measured on a battery of tests, the more likely they were to score high on ethics tests.
5. Ethics programs are an insurance policy -- they help ensure that policies are legal.
There is an increasing number of lawsuits in regard to personnel matters and to effects of an organization’s services or products on stakeholders. As mentioned earlier in this document, ethical principles are often state-of-the-art legal matters. These principles are often applied to current, major ethical issues to become legislation. Attention to ethics ensures highly ethical policies and procedures in the workplace. It’s far better to incur the cost of mechanisms to ensure ethical practices now than to incur costs of litigation later. A major intent of well-designed personnel policies is to ensure ethical treatment of employees, e.g., in matters of hiring, evaluating, disciplining, firing, etc. Drake and Drake (California Management Review, V16, pp. 107-123) note that “an employer can be subject to suit for breach of contract for failure to comply with any promise it made, so the gap between stated corporate culture and actual practice has significant legal, as well as ethical implications.”
6. Ethics programs help avoid criminal acts “of omission” and can lower fines.
Ethics programs tend to detect ethical issues and violations early on so they can be reported or addressed. In some cases, when an organization is aware of an actual or potential violation and does not report it to the appropriate authorities, this can be considered a criminal act, e.g., in business dealings with certain government agencies, such as the Defense Department. The recent Federal Sentencing Guidelines specify major penalties for various types of major ethics violations. However, the guidelines potentially lowers fines if an organization has clearly made an effort to operate ethically.
7. Ethics programs help manage values associated with quality management, strategic planning and diversity management -- this benefit needs far more attention.
Ethics programs identify preferred values and ensuring organizational behaviors are aligned with those values. This effort includes recording the values, developing policies and procedures to align behaviors with preferred values, and then training all personnel about the policies and procedures. This overall effort is very useful for several other programs in the workplace that require behaviors to be aligned with values, including quality management, strategic planning and diversity management. Total Quality Management includes high priority on certain operating values, e.g., trust among stakeholders, performance, reliability, measurement, and feedback. Eastman and Polaroid use ethics tools in their quality programs to ensure integrity in their relationships with stakeholders. Ethics management techniques are highly useful for managing strategic values, e.g., expand marketshare, reduce costs, etc. McDonnell Douglas integrates their ethics programs into their strategic planning process. Ethics management programs are also useful in managing diversity. Diversity is much more than the color of people’s skin -- it’s acknowledging different values and perspectives. Diversity programs require recognizing and applying diverse values and perspectives -- these activities are the basis of a sound ethics management program.
8. Ethics programs promote a strong public image.
Attention to ethics is also strong public relations -- admittedly, managing ethics should not be done primarily for reasons of public relations. But, frankly, the fact that an organization regularly gives attention to its ethics can portray a strong positive to the public. People see those organizations as valuing people more than profit, as striving to operate with the utmost of integrity and honor. Aligning behavior with values is critical to effective marketing and public relations programs. Consider how Johnson and Johnson handled the Tylenol crisis versus how Exxon handled the oil spill in Alaska. Bob Dunn, President and CEO of San Francisco-based Business for Social Responsibility, puts it best: “Ethical values, consistently applied, are the cornerstones in building a commercially successful and socially responsible business.”
9. Overall benefits of ethics programs:
Donaldson and Davis, in “Business Ethics? Yes, But What Can it Do for the Bottom Line?” (Management Decision, V28, N6, 1990) explain that managing ethical values in the workplace legitimizes managerial actions, strengthens the coherence and balance of the organization’s culture, improves trust in relationships between individuals and groups, supports greater consistency in standards and qualities of products, and cultivates greater sensitivity to the impact of the enterprise’s values and messages.
10. Last - and most -- formal attention to ethics in the workplace is the right thing to do.
http://www.ask.com/bar?q=How+does+ethics+affect+the+decision+making+of+managers&page=1&qsrc=19&ab=1&u=http%3A%2F%2Fmanagementhelp.org%2Fethics%2Fethxgde.htm
4. Cite a company which experienced legal or social conflicts because of its violation of ethics. You may check as example the problem of pre-need insurance companies in the Philippines.
a. Describe briefly the nature of the problem.
b. How was this resolved?
c. Who were affected?
d. What were the damages?
Tuesday, April 21, 2009
Prelim Question # 3
1. Identify and describe information systems (IS) used in each level.
Answer:
Information System is a combination of people, hardware, software, communication devices, network and data resources that processes (can be storing, retrieving, transforming information) data and information for a specific purpose. The operation theory is just similar to any other system, which needs inputs from user (key in instructions and commands, typing, scanning). The inputted data then will be processed (calculating, reporting) using technology devices such as computers, and produce output (printing reports, displaying results) that will be sent to another user or other system via a network and a feedback method that controls the operation. The picture below shows the procedure of Information System when it works.Answer:
Information System (IS) refers to a system of people, data records and activities that process the data and information in an organization, and it includes the organization's manual and automated processes. In a narrow sense, the term information system (or computer-based information system) refers to the specific application software that is used to store data records in a computer system and automates some of the information-processing activities of the organization. Computer-based information systems are in the field of information technology. The discipline of business process modelling describes the business processes supported by information systems.
2. How do these IS help the employees and managers achieve their objectives.
Answer:
Answer:
There are various types of information systems, for example: transaction processing systems, decision support systems, knowledge management systems, database management systems, and office information systems. Critical to most information systems are information technologies, which are typically designed to enable humans to perform tasks for which the human brain is not well suited, such as: handling large amounts of information, performing complex calculations, and controlling many simultaneous processes.
Information technologies are a very important and malleable resource available to executives.[1] Many companies have created a position of Chief Information Officer (CIO) that sits on the executive board with the Chief Executive Officer (CEO), Chief Financial Officer (CFO), Chief Operating Officer (COO) and Chief Technical Officer (CTO).The CTO may also serve as CIO, and vice versa. The Chief Information Security Officer (CISO), who focuses on information security within an organization, normally reports to the CIO.
In computer security, an information system is described by the following components [2]:
- Repositories, which hold data permanently or temporarily, such as buffers, RAM, hard disks, cache, etc. Often data stored in repositories is managed through a database management system.
- Interfaces, which support the interaction between humans and computers, such as keyboards, speakers, scanners, printers, etc.
- Channels, which connect repositories, such as routers, cables, wireless links, etc.
3. Cite a local or national company that makes use of these IS and identify the benefits and drawbacks/lapses of these IS.
Answer:
The implementation of information system strategies in UK companies - aims and barriers to success
Introduction
Building on Porter's (1985) definition of strategy as, ' . . . the route to competitive advantage that will determine . . . performance', we can define an ISS as the analysis of the role that information systems can play in helping business units or companies to define a route to competitive strategy.
The literature on information system strategies is extensive: much of it anecdotal in character, or exhorting managers or chief executives in British industry to make more use of information technology. The claim is made, repeatedly, that unless Britain can keep up with Japan, the USA, and the major European competitors in the rate of application of information technology, economic decline is inevitable. The most persuasive argument of this kind has been spelled out by Mackintosh (1987). Some writers, however, go beyond exhortation to try to identify the ways in which information technology may have long-term strategic value for companies, or to show how information technology can have an impact upon profitability. The key names in this respect are Michael E. Porter, who devotes a significant part of his Competitive advantage: creating and sustaining superior performance (1985) to the ways in which technology in general, and information technology in particular, can have an impact upon competitive advantage; and Paul Strassman ( 1985), who develops the concept of management productivity in his Information pay-off: the transformation of work in the electronics age and who has used the PIMS database of key indicators to advise companies on appropriate investment in IT.
The work reported here resulted from an interest shared by the author and Arthur Andersen & Co.: the overall objective of the study was to discover the extent to which major UK companies had adopted a strategic view of information systems development. In addition to this main objective there were a number of subsidiary aims. For companies that claimed to have a strategy we wished to know:
- How the link to business strategy was maintained.
- The organizational level at which strategy was initiated.
- How the effectiveness of a strategy was monitored.
- What aspects of information systems development featured in existing strategies, and what were future plans for investment.
- How successful strategies were deemed to have been, and what barriers to the establishment and implementation of strategy had been experienced.
- How far the idea of competitive advantage was incorporated in strategy, and what particular competitive ends were pursued.
A number of interviews were first carried out in major companies to explore the objectives in an informal manner. A questionnaire for self-completion was then prepared, with sections devoted to the above issues, and in two parts - Part A for those companies with a strategy, and Part B for those without. To enable companies to determine whether or not they had a strategy, the following definition was provided:
An information systems strategy brings together the business aims of the company, an understanding of the information needed to support those aims, and the implementation of computer systems to provide that information. It is a plan for the development of systems towards some future vision of the role of information systems in the organization.
In this paper only the results relating to companies with a strategy are reported.
Of the questionnaires returned, 75 per cent were from companies which claimed to have an information systems strategy as defined above, suggesting that the idea of an information system strategy has been widely adopted. Some caution is necessary, however: first, there is a difference between companies in the financial sector and those in the Times 500 group - 86 per cent of the former and only 73 per cent of the latter report having a strategy (Table 1). This distribution is statistically significant, i.e., in general, financial services companies are more likely to have adopted information system strategies than are other industrial firms.
Offering information on a range of Management Information Systems companies, IT Professionals is the UK's premier directory for I.T companies, consultants and freelancers.
The Management Information Systems companies displayed on ITProfessionals.co.uk below are rated by real customers, so you can see not only the work they have done before, but also read previous clients opinions.
Adding your business to this UK Management Information Systems directory is free, but please be aware that our content team reviews each company to ensure the quality of this directory.
References:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_systems
http://www.ask.com/bar?q=Importance+of+Information+Systems&page=1&qsrc=6&ab=4&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FInformation_systems
http://informationr.net/tdw/publ/papers/1989ISstrat.html
DIPAY, IVY MAE J.
The Management Information Systems companies displayed on ITProfessionals.co.uk below are rated by real customers, so you can see not only the work they have done before, but also read previous clients opinions.
Adding your business to this UK Management Information Systems directory is free, but please be aware that our content team reviews each company to ensure the quality of this directory.
References:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_systems
http://www.ask.com/bar?q=Importance+of+Information+Systems&page=1&qsrc=6&ab=4&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FInformation_systems
http://informationr.net/tdw/publ/papers/1989ISstrat.html
DIPAY, IVY MAE J.
Wednesday, April 15, 2009
Prelim Question # 2
1. Discuss the pro's and con's of each model.
Answer:
A system is commonly defined as a group of interacting units or elements that have a common purpose. The units or elements of a system can be cogs, wires, people, computers, and so on. Systems are generally classified as open systems and closed systems and they can take the form of mechanical, biological, or social systems. Open systems refer to systems that interact with other systems or the outside environment, whereas closed systems refer to systems having relatively little interaction with other systems or the outside environment.
Pro's:
1. it's free (but there are significan tcost)
2. can quickly get up and running on your computer
3. strong developer community (however, don't assume all your question will get answered and for others to have solutions for your unique requirements for the software.
4. significant flexibility
Con's:
1. upgrades requires signicant effort, risk and potential to lose past functionality
2. Cite a company that uses any of this model. Describe briefly how this chosen model affect the entire company.
Answer:
Managers must take into consideration their organization's position along the open-closed continuum. The Linux computer operating system, for instance, is "open-source" and Red Hat, Inc., the corporation selling the bundled revisions-the multiple inputs from geographically dispersed users-represents an organization that would cease to exist if it were not for an open-systems perspective. Thus, stable environments with low complexity are more consistent with a relatively closed-system or mechanistic management style, while rapidly-changing environments are more consistent with flexible, decentralized, or "organic" management styles
3. Evaluate how an environment affects the organization and its management. Discuss the pro's and con's of not responding to the demands of the environment.
Answer:
To simplify the process of evaluating environmental influences, some organizational theorists use the term "task environment" to refer to aspects of the environment that are immediately relevant to management decisions related to goal setting and goal realization. The task environment includes customers, suppliers, competitors, employees, and regulatory bodies. Furthermore, in contrast to closed-systems, the open-system perspective does not assume that the environment is static. Instead, change is the rule rather than the exception. Consequently, investigation of environmental stability and propensity to change is a key task of a company, making the activities of an organization contingent on various environmental forces. As an open system, an organization maintains its stability through feedback, which refers to information about outputs that a system obtains as an input from its task environment. The feedback can be positive or negative and can lead to changes in the way an organization transforms inputs to outputs. Here, the organization acts as a thermostat, identified previously as an example of a relatively closed-system. The difference between closed-systems and open-systems, then, is in the complexity of environmental interactions. Closed-systems assume relatively little complexity; a thermostat is a simple device dependent mainly on temperature fluctuations. Conversely, open-system such as the human body and modern organizations are more intricately dependent on their environments. The point is that closed-systems versus open-systems do not represent a dichotomy, but rather a continuum along which organizations are more open or less open to their environments. The key defining variable governing this degree of openness is the complexity of the environment in which the organization is situated.
Reference:
DIPAY, IVY MAE J.
Tuesday, April 14, 2009
Prelim Questrion # 1
1. How do you perceive information as a resource of the company?
Answer:
When we gather information about the world around us (including the information we need in order to study), we employ all our senses. But some of us employ one sense more than others.It help to the company to achieve the goals they wanted and also for the welfare of their employees.
t’s no less true for being repeated, but for many organisations their information and knowledge is their greatest asset.
2. Site a company, its nature. describe how the information from its environment impress its management and business as a whole.
Answer:
A group of enterprising executives belonging to various industries saw the opportunity to venture in the booming consumer financing business. Combining their strengths, Robert B. Jordan handled credit; Ruben Y. Lugtu Jr. labored on the financials while the late Wilfredo T. Anastacio took care of the human resources and operations. With the good demand and sound credit, the company, which they formed, Asialink Finance Corporation was off to a good start. Established in June of 1997, Asialink Finance Corporation is now the leading and fastest growing finance company in the Philippines. The company has an authorized and paid-up capital of Php 500 Million. It is now in the process of upgrading capital to Php 1 Billion.
The company was initially engaged in the booming business of Appliance Group Financing (AGP), however, due to the Asian Financial Crisis which badly affected companies in the market, Robert B. Jordan, now the CEO, redirected the company to focus on the promising business of giving short-term loans to business men, doctors and professionals in the year 2000. Today, Asialink Finance Corporation offers a wide range of short-term loan products that cater to the financial needs of businesses and individuals, such as Doctor’s Loan, Seaman's Loan, Appliance Loan, Educational Loan, OFW Loan, Allottee Loan, Salary Loan, Beneficiary Loan, Motorcycle Loan, Truck Loan, Car Loan, Real Estate Loan and Medical Assistance Loan.
Asialink Finance Corporation is continually expanding. It now has 52 branches (29 north, 11 south and GD 12) established throughout the archipelago. It is steadfastly improving the quality of its services to the people. It has an important role in alleviating the rampant unemployment, which threatens the Philippine economy, employing more than 500 personnel in its offices and thousands of independent loan consultants. It offers seminars to interested business-minded individuals who are willing to offer an important service to the community.
With its outstanding products and services, competent workforce and growing market niche, Asialink Finance Corporation is poised to become, in 10 to 15 years, the top finance company in the Philippines and a significant player in Southeast Asia.
http://www.asialinkfinance.com.ph/index.htm
Reference:http://www.oneis.co.uk/blog/2008/why-manage-information
http://www.asialinkfinance.com.ph/index.htm
DIPAY, IVY MAE J.
Answer:
When we gather information about the world around us (including the information we need in order to study), we employ all our senses. But some of us employ one sense more than others.It help to the company to achieve the goals they wanted and also for the welfare of their employees.
t’s no less true for being repeated, but for many organisations their information and knowledge is their greatest asset.
Unfortunately it is often underutilised. Many organisations don’t recognise information as an asset or entity in itself, and they don’t know how to manage it effectively.
Small companies are especially bad at this as they’re so used to sharing information informally within a small team. It’s only when they grow, or when a key member of staff is absent, that they realise they need to store and share their information properly.
The bottom line is that information management can save an organisation money. Some information management tools and practices may cost initially, but chosen well they can quickly show a return on investment.
I’m an information manager, so you may think I’m a bit biased. But I’ve seen first hand how even basic information management practices can help an organisation. I’ve listed some of the main reasons below, in three categories: saving money, making money, and staying on the right side of the law.
http://www.oneis.co.uk/blog/2008/why-manage-information
2. Site a company, its nature. describe how the information from its environment impress its management and business as a whole.
Answer:
A group of enterprising executives belonging to various industries saw the opportunity to venture in the booming consumer financing business. Combining their strengths, Robert B. Jordan handled credit; Ruben Y. Lugtu Jr. labored on the financials while the late Wilfredo T. Anastacio took care of the human resources and operations. With the good demand and sound credit, the company, which they formed, Asialink Finance Corporation was off to a good start. Established in June of 1997, Asialink Finance Corporation is now the leading and fastest growing finance company in the Philippines. The company has an authorized and paid-up capital of Php 500 Million. It is now in the process of upgrading capital to Php 1 Billion.
The company was initially engaged in the booming business of Appliance Group Financing (AGP), however, due to the Asian Financial Crisis which badly affected companies in the market, Robert B. Jordan, now the CEO, redirected the company to focus on the promising business of giving short-term loans to business men, doctors and professionals in the year 2000. Today, Asialink Finance Corporation offers a wide range of short-term loan products that cater to the financial needs of businesses and individuals, such as Doctor’s Loan, Seaman's Loan, Appliance Loan, Educational Loan, OFW Loan, Allottee Loan, Salary Loan, Beneficiary Loan, Motorcycle Loan, Truck Loan, Car Loan, Real Estate Loan and Medical Assistance Loan.
Asialink Finance Corporation is continually expanding. It now has 52 branches (29 north, 11 south and GD 12) established throughout the archipelago. It is steadfastly improving the quality of its services to the people. It has an important role in alleviating the rampant unemployment, which threatens the Philippine economy, employing more than 500 personnel in its offices and thousands of independent loan consultants. It offers seminars to interested business-minded individuals who are willing to offer an important service to the community.
With its outstanding products and services, competent workforce and growing market niche, Asialink Finance Corporation is poised to become, in 10 to 15 years, the top finance company in the Philippines and a significant player in Southeast Asia.
http://www.asialinkfinance.com.ph/index.htm
Reference:http://www.oneis.co.uk/blog/2008/why-manage-information
http://www.asialinkfinance.com.ph/index.htm
DIPAY, IVY MAE J.
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